Addiction Severity Index 5th Edition A. Thomas McLellan, Ph.D. HOLLINGSHEAD CATEGORIES: Deni Carise, Ph.D.
1. Higher execs, major professionals, owners of large businesses.
Thomas H. Coyne, MSW
2. Business managers if medium sized businesses, lesser professions, i.e.,
nurses, opticians, pharmacists, social workers, teachers.
Remember: This is an interview, not a test
3. Administrative personnel, managers, minor professionals,
owners/proprietors of small businesses, i.e., bakery, car dealership,
≈Item numbers circled are to be asked at follow-up.≈
engraving business, plumbing business, florist, decorator, actor, reporter,
≈Items with an asterisk are cumulative and should be rephrased at follow-up.≈
4. Clerical and sales, technicians, small businesses (bank teller, bookkeeper,
clerk, draftsperson, timekeeper, secretary).
5. Skilled manual - usually having had training (baker, barber, brakeperson,
chef, electrician, fireman, machinist, mechanic, paperhanger, painter,
INTRODUCING THE ASI: Introduce and explain the seven potential
repairperson, tailor, welder, police, plumber).
problem areas: Medical, Employment/Support Status, Alcohol, Drug,
6. Semi-skilled (hospital aide, painter, bartender, bus driver, cutter, cook,
Legal, Family/Social, and Psychiatric. All clients receive this same
drill press, garage guard, checker, waiter, spot welder, machine operator).
standard interview. All information gathered is confidential; explain what
7. Unskilled (attendant, janitor, construction helper, unspecified labor,
that means in your facility; who has access to the information and the
There are two time periods we will discuss:
LIST OF COMMONLY USED DRUGS: Patient Rating Scale: Patient input is important. For each area, I will ask
you to use this scale to let me know how bothered you have been by any
Pain killers = Morphine, Dilaudid, Demerol,
problems in each section. I will also ask you how important treatment is for
Percocet, Darvon, Talwin, Codeine, Tylenol 2,3,4,
Nembutal, Seconal, Tuinal, Amytal, Pentobarbital,
Benzodiazepines = Valium, Librium, Ativan, Serax
Tranxene, Dalmane, Halcion, Xanax, Miltown,
Cocaine Crystal, Free-Base Cocaine or Crack, and
Inform the client that he/she has the right to refuse to answer any question.
If the client is uncomfortable or feels it is too personal or painful to give an
Monster, Crank, Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Ritalin,
answer, instruct the client not to answer. Explain the benefits and
Preludin, Methamphetamine, Speed, Ice, Crystal
advantages of answering as many questions as possible in terms of
developing a comprehensive and effective treatment plan to help them.
LSD (Acid), Mescaline, Psilocybin (Mushrooms), Peyote,
Green, PCP (Phencyclidine), Angel Dust, Ecstacy
Please try not give inaccurate information!
Nitrous Oxide (Whippits), Amyl Nitrite (Poppers),
INTERVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS:
2. Make plenty of Comments (if another person reads this ASI, they should
have a relatively complete picture of the client's perceptions of his/her
ALCOHOL/DRUG USE INSTRUCTIONS:
4. Terminate interview if client misrepresents two or more sections.
The following questions refer to two time periods: the past 30 days and lifetime.
5. When noting comments, please write the question number.
Lifetime refers to the time prior to the last 30 days.
30 day questions only require the number of days used.
6. Tutorial/clarification notes are preceded with "•".
Lifetime use is asked to determine extended periods of use.
Regular use = 3 or more times per week, binges, or problematic
HALF TIME RULE:
If a question asks the number of months,
irregular use in which normal activities are compromised.
round up periods of 14 days or more to 1
Alcohol to intoxication does not necessarily mean "drunk", use the
words “to feel or felt the effects", “got a buzz”, “high”, etc. instead of
intoxication. As a rule, 3 or more drinks in one sitting, or 5 or more
CONFIDENCE RATINGS:
→ “How many days in the past 30 have you used.?”
→ "How many years in your life have you regularly used.?"
Misrepresentation = overt contradiction in
Probe, cross-check and make plenty of comments! Addiction Severity Index, Fifth Edition GENERAL INFORMATION (Clinical/Training Version) ADDITIONAL TEST RESULTS _________________________
G2. SS No. : -- _________________________
G4. Date of Admission // _________________________
G5. Date of Interview: // _________________________
G6 Time Begun: (Hour: Minutes) : _________________________
G7. Time Ended: (Hour:Minutes) : _________________________ _________________________ _________________________
2. Telephone (Intake ASI must be in person)
_________________________ SEVERITY PROFILE PROBLEMS ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________(____)____________ GENERAL INFORMATION COMMENTS
(Include the question number with your notes)
______________________________________________________
G14. How long have you lived at this / ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
G16. Date of birth: (Month/Day/Year) //
G17. Of what race do you consider yourself?
______________________________________________________
2. Black (not Hisp) 6. Hispanic-Mexican
______________________________________________________
3. American Indian 7. Hispanic-Puerto Rican
______________________________________________________
G18. Do you have a religious preference?
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
G19. Have you been in a controlled environment in
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
•A place, theoretically, without access to drugs/alcohol.
______________________________________________________
•"NN" if Question G19 is No. Refers to total
______________________________________________________
number of days detained in the past 30 days.
MEDICAL STATUS MEDICAL COMMENTS
M1. ∗ How many times in your life have you been
(Include question number with your notes)
• Include O.D.'s and D.T.'s. Exclude detox, alcohol/drug,
______________________________________________________
psychiatric treatment and childbirth (if no complications). Enter the
number of overnight hospitalizations for medical problems. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
If no hospitalizations in Question M1, then this is coded "NN".
______________________________________________________
problems which continue to interfere 0 -No 1 - Yes
______________________________________________________
• If "Yes", specify in comments.
• A chronic medical condition is a serious physical
______________________________________________________
condition that requires regular care, (i.e., medication, dietary
restriction) preventing full advantage of their abilities.
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• If Yes, specify in comments.
• Medication prescribed by a MD for medical conditions; not psychiatric medicines. Include medicines prescribed whether or not ______________________________________________________
the patient is currently taking them. The intent is to verify chronic
______________________________________________________
M5. Do you receive a pension for a physical disability?
______________________________________________________
• If Yes, specify in comments.
• Include Workers' compensation, exclude psychiatric disability.
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Include flu, colds, etc. Include serious ailments related to
drugs/alcohol, which would continue even if the patient were abstinent
______________________________________________________
(e.g., cirrhosis of liver, abscesses from needles, etc.).
______________________________________________________ For Questions M7 & M8, ask the patient to use the Patient Rating scale. M7. How troubled or bothered have you been by
these medical problems in the past 30 days?
______________________________________________________
• Restrict response to problem days of Question M6.
______________________________________________________
M8. How important to you now is treatment for
______________________________________________________
• If client is currently receiving medical treatment, refer to the need for
additional medical treatment by the patient. ______________________________________________________ INTERVIEWER SEVERITY RATING ______________________________________________________
M9. How would you rate the patient's need for
______________________________________________________
Refers to the patient's need for additional medical treatment. ______________________________________________________ CONFIDENCE RATINGS Is the above information significantly distorted by: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ EMPLOYMENT/SUPPORT STATUS EMPLOYMENT/SUPPORT COMMENTS
(Include question number with your notes)
• Include formal education only. Yrs. Mos.
_____________________________________________________
E2.∗ Training or Technical education completed:
_____________________________________________________
• Formal/organized training only. For military training,
only include training that can be used in civilian life
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
• Employable, transferable skill acquired through training.
• If "Yes" (specify) _________________________
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
E4. Do you have a valid driver's license?
• Valid license; not suspended/revoked.
_____________________________________________________
E5. Do you have an automobile available for use?
• If answer toE4 is "No", then E5 must be "No". 0 - No 1 - Yes
_____________________________________________________
Does not require ownership, only requires
_____________________________________________________
E6. How long was your longest full time job?
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
(specify) ___________________________________
(use Hollingshead Categories Reference Sheet)
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
• Is patient receiving any regular support (i.e., cash, food, housing)
from family/friend. Include spouse's contribution; exclude support by an institution.
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
• If E8 is "No", then E9 is "N" .
_____________________________________________________
E10. Usual employment pattern, past three years?
_____________________________________________________
2. Part time (regular hours) 6. Retired/Disability
_____________________________________________________
3. Part time (irregular hours) 7. Unemployed
• Answer should represent the majority of the last 3 years, not just
_____________________________________________________
the most recent selection. If there are equal times for more than one
category, select that which best represents the current situation.
_____________________________________________________
E11. How many days were you paid for working
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
Include "under the table" work, paid sick days and vacation.
EMPLOYMENT/SUPPORT (cont.) EMPLOYMENT/SUPPORT COMMENTS
(Include question number with your notes)
For questions E12-17: How much money did you receive from the following sources in the past 30 days? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Net or "take home" pay, include any
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Include food stamps, transportation money
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Include disability, pensions, retirement,
veteran's benefits, SSI & workers' compensation.
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
clothing), include unreliable sources of income.
Record cash payments only, ______________________________________________________
include windfalls (unexpected), money from
loans, legal gambling, inheritance, tax returns, etc.).
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
•Cash obtained from drug dealing,
stealing, fencing stolen goods, illegal gambling,
prostitution, etc. Do not attempt to convert ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
the majority of their food, shelter, etc.?
______________________________________________________
• Must be regularly depending on patient, do include alimony/child
support, do not include the patient or self-supporting spouse, etc.
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Include inability to find work, if they are actively looking for work,
or problems with present job in which that job is jeopardized.
______________________________________________________ For Questions E20 & E21, ask the patient to use the Patient Rating scale.
______________________________________________________
E20. How troubled or bothered have you been by these
employment problems in the past 30 days?
______________________________________________________
• If the patient has been incarcerated or detained during the
past 30 days, they cannot have employment problems.
______________________________________________________
In that case an "N" response is indicated.
E21. How important to you now is counseling for
______________________________________________________
• Stress help in finding or preparing for a job, not giving them a job.
______________________________________________________ INTERVIEWER SEVERITY RATING ______________________________________________________
E22. How would you rate the patient's need
______________________________________________________ CONFIDENCE RATINGS ______________________________________________________ Is the above information significantly distorted by: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ALCOHOL/DRUGS ALCOHOL/DRUGS COMMENTS Route of Administration Types:
(Include question number with your notes)
1. Oral 2. Nasal 3. Smoking 4. Non-IV injection 5. IV
• Note the usual or most recent route. For more than one route, choose the most _____________________________________________________ severe. The routes are listed from least severe to most severe._____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
D14. According to the interviewer, which
_____________________________________________________
• Interviewer should determine the major drug or drugs of
_____________________________________________________
abuse. Code the number next to the drug in questions 01-12, or
"00" = no problem, "15" = alcohol & one or more drugs,
"16" = more than one drug but no alcohol. Ask patient when not clear.
_____________________________________________________
D15. How long was your last period of voluntary
_____________________________________________________
• Last attempt of at least one month, not necessarily
_____________________________________________________
the longest. Periods of hospitalization/incarceration do not count.
Periods of antabuse, methadone, or naltrexone use during abstinence
_____________________________________________________ do count.
•”00” = never abstinent _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
• If D15 = “00”, then D16 = “NN”.
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
•Delirium Tremens (DT's): Occur 24-48 hours after last drink, or _____________________________________________________
significant decrease in alcohol intake, shaking, severe disorientation,
fever, hallucinations, they usually require medical attention.
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
•Overdoses (OD): Requires intervention by someone to
recover, not simply sleeping it off, include suicide attempts by OD.
_____________________________________________________ ALCOHOL/DRUGS (cont.)
How many times in your life have you been treated for :
INTERVIEWER RATING
How would you rate the patient's need for treatment for:
•Include detoxification, halfway houses, in/outpatient
counseling, and AA (if 3+ meetings within one month period).
How much would you say you spent during the past 30 days on:
CONFIDENCE RATINGS Is the above information significantly distorted by:
How many times in your life have you been treated for :
• Include detoxification, halfway houses, in/outpatient counseling,
ALCOHOL/DRUGS COMMENTS
and NA (if 3+ meetings within one month period).
(Include question number with your notes)
______________________________________________________
• If D19 = "00", then question D21 is "NN"
______________________________________________________
If D20 = ‘00’, then question D22 is “NN”
How much would you say you spent during the past 30
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Only count actual money spent. What is ______________________________________________________
the financial burden caused by drugs/alcohol?
D25. How many days have you been treated in
______________________________________________________
an outpatient setting for alcohol or drugs in the
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
How many days in the past 30 have you experienced:
______________________________________________________
• Include: Craving, withdrawal symptoms, disturbing effects
of use, or wanting to stop and being unable to.
______________________________________________________ For Questions D28+D30, ask the patient to use the Patient Rating scale. The patient is rating the need for additional substance abuse treatment.
How troubled or bothered have you been in the past 30 days
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Include: Craving, withdrawal symptoms, disturbing effects
of use, or wanting to stop and being unable to.
______________________________________________________
How important to you now is treatment for these:
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
How many days in the past 30 have you experienced:
______________________________________________________
• Include: Craving, withdrawal symptoms,
______________________________________________________
disturbing effects of use, or wanting to stop and being unable to.
For Questions D29+D31, ask the patient to use the Patient Rating scale. ______________________________________________________ The patient is rating the need for additional substance abuse treatment.
How troubled or bothered have you been in the past 30 days by
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
How important to you now is treatment for these:
______________________________________________________ LEGAL STATUS LEGAL COMMENTS
L1. Was this admission prompted or suggested by the
(Include question number with your notes)
• Judge, probation/parole officer, etc.
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Note duration and level in comments.
______________________________________________________ How many times in your life have you been arrested and charged with the following: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Include total number of counts, not just convictions. Do not include
juvenile (pre-age 18) crimes, unless they were charged as an adult.
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
L17∗ How many of these charges resulted
______________________________________________________
• If L3-16 = 00, then question L17 = "NN".
• Do not include misdemeanor offenses from questions L18-20 below.
______________________________________________________
• Convictions include fines, probation, incarcerations, suspended
sentences, guilty pleas, and plea bargaining.
______________________________________________________ How many times in your life have you been charged with the following: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Moving violations: speeding, reckless driving,
______________________________________________________
L21 ∗ How many months were you incarcerated
______________________________________________________
• If incarcerated 2 weeks or more, round this up
to 1 month. List total number of months incarcerated.
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Of 2 weeks or more. Enter "NN" if never incarcerated. Mos.
______________________________________________________
• Use code 03-16, 18-20. If multiple charges,
______________________________________________________
choose most severe. Enter "NN" if never incarcerated.
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• Use the number of the type of crime committed: 03-16
______________________________________________________
• Refers to Q. L24. If more than one, choose most severe.
LEGAL STATUS (cont.) LEGAL COMMENTS
(Include question number with your notes)
_____________________________________________________
• Include being arrested and released on the same day.
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
you engaged in illegal activities for profit?
• Exclude simple drug possession. Include drug dealing, prostitution,
_____________________________________________________
selling stolen goods, etc. May be cross checked with Question E17
under Employment/Family Support Section.
_____________________________________________________ For Questions L28-29, ask the patient to use the Patient Rating scale.
L28. How serious do you feel your present
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
L29. How important to you now is counseling
_____________________________________________________
• Patient is rating a need for referral to legal counsel
_____________________________________________________ INTERVIEWER SEVERITY RATING _____________________________________________________
L30. How would you rate the patient's need for
______________________________________________________ CONFIDENCE RATINGS Is the above information significantly distorted by: FAMILY HISTORY
Have any of your blood-related relatives had what you would call a significant drinking, drug use, or psychiatric problem? Specifically, was there a problem that did or should have led to treatment? Mother's Side Alcohol Drug Psych. Father’s Side Alcohol Drug Psych. Siblings Alcohol Drug Psych. 0 = Clearly No for any relatives in that category X = Uncertain or don't know 1 = Clearly Yes for any relatives in that category N = Never was a relative
•In cases where there is more than one person for a category, record the occurrence of problems for any in that group. Accept the patient's judgment on these questions.
FAMILY HISTORY COMMENTS ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY/SOCIAL STATUS FAMILY/SOCIAL COMMENTS
(Include question number with your notes)
2-Remarried 4-Separated 6-Never Married
_____________________________________________________
• Common-law marriage = 1. Specify in comments.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
• If never married, then since age 18. Yrs. Mos.
_____________________________________________________
• Satisfied = generally liking the situation.
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
F4.∗ Usual living arrangements (past 3 years):
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
• Choose arrangements most representative of the past 3 years. If there is an even
_____________________________________________________
split in time between these arrangements, choose the most recent arrangement.
_____________________________________________________
• If with parents or family, since age 18. Yrs. Mos.
_____________________________________________________
• Code years and months living in arrangements from Question F4.
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Do you live with anyone who: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
F9. With whom do you spend most of your free time?
_____________________________________________________
• If a girlfriend/boyfriend is considered as family by patient, then
they must refer to them as family throughout this section, not a friend.
_____________________________________________________
F10. Are you satisfied with spending your free time
_____________________________________________________
• A satisfied response must indicate that the person generally
likes the situation. Referring to Question F9.
_____________________________________________________
F11. How many close friends do you have?
_____________________________________________________
• Stress that you mean close. Exclude family
members. These are "reciprocal" relationships or mutually supportive
_____________________________________________________ Would you say you have had a close reciprocal relationship _____________________________________________________ with any of the following people: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
0 = Clearly No for all in class X = Uncertain or "I don't know
1 = Clearly Yes for any in class N = Never was a relative • By reciprocal, you mean "that you would do anything you could to help them out
FAMILY/SOCIAL (cont.) CONFIDENCE RATING Is the above information significantly distorted by: Have you had significant periods in which you have experienced serious problems getting along with: 0 – No, 1 - Yes FAMILY/SOCIAL COMMENTS
(Include question number with your notes)
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
• "Serious problems" mean those that endangered the relationship.
______________________________________________________
A "problem" requires contact of some sort, either by telephone or in person. If no
______________________________________________________ Has anyone ever abused you? 0- No 1-Yes ______________________________________________________
• Made you feel bad through harsh words.
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ How many days in the past 30 have you had serious conflicts: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ For Questions F32-35, ask the patient to use the Patient Rating scale. How troubled or bothered have you been in the past 30 days by: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ How important to you now is treatment or counseling for these: ______________________________________________________
• Patient is rating his/her need for counseling for family
______________________________________________________
problems, not whether they would be willing to attend.
______________________________________________________ How many days in the past 30 have you had serious conflicts: ______________________________________________________
F31. With other people (excluding family)?
______________________________________________________ For Questions F32-35, ask the patient to use the Patient Rating scale. How troubled or bothered have you been in the past 30 days by: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ How important to you now is treatment or counseling for these: ______________________________________________________
• Include patient's need to seek treatment for such
social problems as loneliness, inability to socialize, and
dissatisfaction with friends. Patient rating should refer to
______________________________________________________
dissatisfaction, conflicts, or other serious problems.
INTERVIEWER SEVERITY RATING ______________________________________________________
F36. How would you rate the patient's need for family and/or social counseling?
PSYCHIATRIC STATUS How many times have you been treated for any PSYCHIATRIC STATUS COMMENTS
(Include question number with your comments)
psychological or emotional problems:
P1∗ In a hospital or inpatient setting?
_____________________________________________________
• Do not include substance abuse, employment, or family
_____________________________________________________
counseling. Treatment episode = a series of more or less
continuous visits or treatment days, not the number of visits or
_____________________________________________________
• Enter diagnosis in comments if known.
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Have you had a significant period of time (that was not a direct _____________________________________________________ result of alcohol/drug use) in which you have: 0-No 1-Yes Past 30 Days Lifetime _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
P6. Experienced hallucinations-saw things/
_____________________________________________________
heard voices that others didn’t see/hear?
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Have you had a significant period of time ( despite your alcohol _____________________________________________________ and drug use) in which you have: 0-No 1-Yes Past 30 Days Lifetime _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
• Patient can be under the influence of alcohol / drugs.
_____________________________________________________
P9. Experienced serious thoughts of suicide?
• Patient seriously considered a plan for taking
_____________________________________________________
his/her life. Patient can be under the influence
_____________________________________________________
• Include actual suicidal gestures or attempts.
_____________________________________________________
• Patient can be under the influence of
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
• Prescribed for the patient by a physician. Record "Yes" if a medication
_____________________________________________________
was prescribed even if the patient is not taking it.
_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
• This refers to problems noted in Questions P4-P10.
_____________________________________________________ For Questions P13-P14, ask the patient to use the Patient Rating scale _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
or emotional problems in the past 30 days?
• Patient should be rating the problem days from Question P12.
P14. How important to you now is treatment for
these psychological or emotional problems?
PSYCHIATRIC STATUS (cont.) The following items are to be completed by the interviewer: PSYCHIATRIC STATUS COMMENTS At the time of the interview, the patient was: 0-No 1-Yes
(Include question number with your notes)
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
P18. Having trouble with reality testing, thought
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ INTERVIEWER SEVERITY RATING
P21 . How would you rate the patient's need
______________________________________________________
for psychiatric/psychological treatment?
______________________________________________________ CONFIDENCE RATING Is the above information significantly distorted by: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ G12. Special Code ______________________________________________________
3. Patient unable to respond ( language or intellectual barrier, under
______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________
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SECTION TWO Current Treatments LINKS TO: Section One: Parkinson's Disease | Section Three: Starting Treatment | Section Four: Glossary LINKS TO: Current Treatments: The Therapeutic Choices Available Medications Principles of Management Dr. Lynch's Research LINKS BACK TO: Front Page About PALS Aims and Objectives Information on PD Relations